New blog address

Info for students : The blog address for Geography has been changed in to
http://smis-jss-geography.blogspot.com
Please find the newest information about the subject on the new blog.

Rgrds,
Anang

Industrial Location

Industrial Location

Anang P.Setiawan

Introduction
•Economic activities are not evenly spread in most countries. (Some areas have high concentrations of industry and some areas have few industries.
•Different industries have specific needs or factors which influence their location.

Factors that influence the location
•Flat Land : Some industries, like car factories need large areas of flat land.
•Raw materials : Manufacturing industries like steelmaking rely on bulky raw materials, e.g. Coal and limestone, which are expensive to transport.
•Energy : In the past it was important, but with avaibility of electricity makes this less important.
•Labour Force : Industries that rely on a large workforce need close to cities where many of their employees andd customers live. E.g. Clothing factories.
•Markets : Manufacturers do not like to be far from their market as this increases costs. E.g SONY make televisions in UK wants to be near to its European markets.
•Transport Link : Factories need to be close to good transport link to ensure that the raw materials and finished products are moved with ease. Many prefer to locate near to motorway junctions.

What can government do?
•When regions have lost industris or unemployement is high, government needs to attract new investment.
•EU has a regional policy to promote new development in its less wealthy regions. Helps may come in the form of :
-Giving businesses rent-free periods, grants and loans.
-Infrastructure : Building new roads, water supplies and electricity.
-Retraining workers-to provide labour with relevant skills.
-Providing sites for business parks and new start-ups.

New Jobs in new Places
•Some secondary activities can be grouped according to their location.
•Heavy industries rely on bulky raw materials need close to them to reduce transport costs.
•Light/footlose industries can locate almost everywhere.
•Highly specialized quaternary activities, e.g.research take place in science parks.
•The widespread use of computers, modems and internet – allow more people to work from home in the future or in small communities known as tele-cottage. E.g. In rural areas of South Wales.
End of Doc.

Info Unit Test

Dear Students,

Please be noted that you will be having a unit test on Thursday February 12 2009.



Rgrds,
Anang P.Setiawan.

Genetically Modified Crops in a MEDC

Grade 9 : Genetically Modified Crops in a MEDC

§In the 1950s, scientists discovered that DNA carried the genetic detail of living things.
§By the 1980s, it was possible to identify individual genes and transfer them and their specific qualities.
§In the early 1990s, the first GM products were sold.
§Biotechnology : The application of technology to modify the products or processes of living system

§GM crops are designed to be resistant to competition or destruction by other plants or animals and insects.
§Genes containing resistance are bred into the new GM crops (it can come from different source. E.g. Fish genes in tomatoes.
§Others produce toxins which kill pests which try to feed off them, reducing the need of pesticides.

Animal can also be modified.
There are no any GM meat products on sale

§GM : Altering the genetic composition of cells or organism by introducing “foreign” genes.
§DNA : Deoxyribonucleic Acid-the genetic base of cells and organism
§Gene : A specific sequence of DNA code carrying inherited characteristics.

GM in USA
68% of the world’s GM crops are grown in USA.
Up to 70% of packaged foods on sale in the USA containing GM ingredients.

Conservation
stay fresh longer and resist rotting without altering the taste.
US company Monsanto is responsible for over 90% of the world’s GM crops (soybeans, oilseed rape, maize and cotton)
45% of the USA’s wheat exports are to Japan and the EU.
End of Doc.

EU and the common Agricultural Policy

EU and the common Agricultural Policy

•The EU : encouraged farmers to use their land more intensively.
•The result : Surplus foods when they could not sell their crops.
•The food was going to waste and storing costs were high – CAP was reformed.

CAP

•Farmers had to take up to 20% of their arable land out of production (set aside) –Result : Farmers have had to diversify.
•In 1991 – 40% of farmers reliant on non-agricultural activities, such as :
•Leisure Farms :
Open their farms to the public. Some have applied for golfcourses to be developed on their land.
•Tourism Farm :
Such as the lake district. Open for tourists
•Conifer plantations :
Farmers receive a grant to plant conifers.
•Conservation :
By agreeing to register their land as ESAs (Environmentally Sensitive Areas). Under the scheme farmers receive a payment if they agree to :
Limit their use of fertilisers
Restore drystone walls
Reduce the number of animals they keep.
End of Doc.

The changing face of Farming : the UK and EU

The changing face of Farming : the UK and EU

the UK :
British farming developed over centuries.
-As technology has improved the physical factors have become less important; more important are the commercial factors.
-Where to sell the product is a far greater influence than where to grow it.
-The typical farm in Britain today emplyos fewer workers than in the past.
-it's more mechanised.
-As mechanisation and demand for food increased, farmers were encouraged to join up (amalgamate) their farms.
-Farmer were encouraged to sign contracts with major supermarkets and freezing and canning plants.
-The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides increased in order to improve yields.
As farming has modernised in the MEDCs the application of technology has produced great improvements, as well as some dangers.

FARMING AND FAMINE

Farming and Famine

Introduction

•Farming is the world’s major primary industry.
•LEDCs at risk from famine.
•An adult needs 2300 calories per day.
•High consumption of calorie : overweigh – Heart diesese and stroke.
•A lack of calorie and the right vitamins : malnutrition – weak and sick.

THE CAUSE OF FAMINE

Drought :
When the rains fail, harvests can be destroyed and farmers are left without food.

Desertification :
Deforestration result in land that easily eroded and become unproductive.

War :
Wars can destroy farmings as people leave the land to fight or escape.
Money spent on weapons rather than on Agriculture.
e.g. Somalia in 1992

Poverty :
Landless people do not have land to farm on.

Trade :
Poor prices for crops which they export.
Pay a high price for manufactured goods which they import from the developed world

International Debt :
LEDCs owe money to the MEDCs.
Most of their income to pay off debt and intersest. Little to spend on farming.

WHAT CAN BE DONE?
MEDCs help the poorer world.
To “write off” some or all of international debt.
Fair trade
e/g Maya Gold – selling an organic chocolate from Third world producers.

TYPE OF FARMING
Commercial Farming :
The growing of crops and rearing of animals for sale at markets.
Mostly located at MEDCs.

Subsistence Farming :
The growing of just sufficient crops and the rearing of just enough animals to feed a family.
Mostly in LEDCs.

Intensive Farming :
Uses a small amount of land from which high yields are obtained.

Extensive Farming :
Uses large areas of land from which lower yields are obtained.

Farming in rich and poor countries :
•In LEDCs Most people work in the fields to provide enough food for themselves.
•If there are any crops left over, they take them to the local market for sale.
•Most of the products are produced under intensive commercial conditions in Europe.

End of Doc.

TYPES OF EMPLOYMENT

TYPES OF EMPLOYMENT

Anang P.Setiawan

http://smisgeography.blogspot.com

TYPES OF EMPLOYMENT :

Primary Industries
These involve the extraction of raw materials to be supplied to other industries.
e.g. Farming, Forestry, Fishing, Mining

Secondary Industries

These are where raw materials are assembled or manufactured to produce finished goods.
e.g. Food processing, Car assembly, Manufacturing, Building.

Tertiary Industries

These are jobs which involve providing goods and services for the public.
e.g. Transport, Retail, Medicine, Catering

Quaternary Industries
These include people who provide specialist information and expertise to all the above sectors.
e.g. Research, Design engineering, Computer programming.

Employment Structure
Employment structure : The percentage of people employed in each type of industry. It varies widely between countries and over time.

MEDCs and LEDCs
Usually MEDCs have a higher proportion of the work-force employed in Secondary and Tertiary industries.

LEDCs tend to have a higher percentage employed in Primary industries like farming.

Development in the Economy
As a country develops even further its economy, the proportion employed in primary industry decreases and secondary employement increases. As the economy develops further, numbers in primary and secondary industries fall, and tertiary becomes the largest employment sector.

Informal Employment (Black Economy)
-Includes selling goods on the street, shoe-shining service, etc.
-No taxes are paid.
-Ilegal
-Often carried out by quite young children.

End of Document